XML
Ulimi lwe-eXtensible Markup
I-XML isifinyezo se Ulimi lwe-eXtensible Markup.
Kuyini Ulimi lwe-eXtensible Markup?
Ulimi lwemakhaphu oluguquguqukayo olusetshenziselwa ukuhlela nokuthutha idatha. Idlala indima ebalulekile ekwabelaneni ngedatha kumasistimu ahlukene. Nakhu okufingqiwe kwezici zayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo:
- Ukwakhiwa Nokudluliselwa Kwedatha: I-XML isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukufaka ikhodi kumadokhumenti nedatha ngefomethi efundeka umuntu nefundeka umshini. Lokhu kuyenza ilungele izakhiwo zedatha eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokudlulisa idatha phakathi kwamasistimu noma izinkundla ezahlukene.
- Amathegi enziwe ngendlela oyifisayo: Ngokungafani i-HTML, esebenzisa amathegi achazwe ngaphambilini, i-XML ivumela ukudalwa kwamathegi angokwezifiso. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuyenza ikwazi ukumela uhla olubanzi lwezakhiwo zedatha ezifanelana nezidingo ezithile zebhizinisi noma uhlelo lokusebenza.
- Ukushintshaniswa kwedatha: Ekuthengisweni nasekukhangiseni, i-XML ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukushintshanisa idatha phakathi kwamasistimu ahlukene, njenge CRM (Ukuphathwa Kobudlelwane Bekhasimende), amathuluzi wokumaketha ezishintshayo, nemithombo yedatha yangaphandle. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene.
- Amasevisi Wewebhu nama-API: I-XML iyingxenye ebalulekile kumasevisi amaningi ewebhu kanye Ama-API (I-Application Programming Interfaces). Isetshenziselwa ukuthumela izicelo nokwamukela izimpendulo ngefomethi esezingeni, ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe ezahlukene.
- Ukusebenzisana kwe-Cross-Platform: Enye yamandla e-XML ubunjalo bayo obuzimele benkundla, okusho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kuwo wonke amasistimu wokusebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza, iqinisekise ukuhambisana nokuvumelana nezimo ekushintshanisweni kwedatha.
- Ukusekelwa Kwenziwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: I-XML isekela i-Unicode, iyivumela ukuthi imele idatha ngezilimi eziningi. Lokhu kubalulekile emabhizinisini asebenza ezimakethe zomhlaba, lapho ukuphatha idatha ngezilimi ezahlukene kuvame kudingekile.
- Ukumiswa kanye noMthethonqubo: I-XML iyindinganiso enakekelwa yi- I-W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), eqinisekisa ukuzinza nokwamukelwa kabanzi. Lokhu kumiswa kubalulekile emabhizinisini njengoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindlela zawo zokushintshisana ngedatha ziyabonakala emhlabeni wonke futhi ziyahambisana nezinye izinhlelo.
Isibonelo se-XML
Impela! Nasi isibonelo esilula sombhalo we-XML:
<Customer>
<Name>John Doe</Name>
<Email>johndoe@example.com</Email>
<Orders>
<Order>
<OrderID>12345</OrderID>
<Product>Smartphone</Product>
<Quantity>1</Quantity>
<Price>500</Price>
</Order>
<Order>
<OrderID>12346</OrderID>
<Product>Headphones</Product>
<Quantity>2</Quantity>
<Price>150</Price>
</Order>
</Orders>
</Customer>
Incazelo Yedokhumenti ye-XML:
- Impande Element: I
<Customer>
ithegi iyingxenye yempande. Ihlanganisa yonke idatha yedokhumenti ye-XML ehlobene nekhasimende elilodwa. - Izakhi Zengane: Ngaphakathi kwesici sempande kunezakhi zengane, ngayinye imelela ucezu lwedatha. Ngokwesibonelo,
<Name>
futhi<Email>
omaka banikeza igama lekhasimende nekheli le-imeyili. - Izinto Ezisidleke: I
<Orders>
isici sisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa okuningi<Order>
izici, ngayinye imele i-oda ngalinye elenziwe ikhasimende. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-XML ingamela kanjani izakhiwo zedatha eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokufaka isidleke. - Izinto kanye nedatha: Ngamunye
<Order>
isici siqukethe ezinye izakhi zengane ezifana<OrderID>
,<Product>
,<Quantity>
, Futhi<Price>
, ngayinye iphethe idatha eqondene nalolo hlelo. - Ukuzichaza Imvelo: I-XML iyazichaza, okusho ukuthi omaka ngokwabo bachaza imvelo yedatha abayiqukethe. Ngokwesibonelo,
<Product>
kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi okuqukethwe kuyo yigama lomkhiqizo. - Ukuvumelana nezimo kanye nokwandiswa: Uma kudingeka, izinkambu zedatha ezengeziwe zingangezwa kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, a
<Date>
isici singengezwa ku-oda ngalinye ukuze kucaciswe usuku lokuthenga.
Lesi sakhiwo se-XML siwusizo ikakhulukazi ekuthengisweni nasekukhangiseni ekuphatheni nasekuhlanganyeleni ulwazi lwekhasimende, imininingwane ye-oda, kanye nolwazi lomkhiqizo kuwo wonke amasistimu ahlukene. Ukwakheka okucacile, okulandelanayo kwenza kube lula ukufunda nokucubungula kokubili kubantu nemishini.
I-XML iyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuthengisweni nasekukhangiseni ekuhlelweni kwedatha, ukushintshana, nokuhlanganisa, elisiza ukuxhumana okungenazihibe phakathi kwezinhlelo nezinkundla ezihlukahlukene.
- Isifinyezo: XML